Ok. Good. That’s step1. We know the code file is there.
Now, none of my clients have a Stripe issue and they are using the latest version. If there was a generic code issue then I would be seeing it with my clients since the error you are seeing is a mainstream line of code.
After looking at the source-code and given that you had this working for you previously, there are two possibilities;
a) You added a plugin that declares a Stripe namespace; OR;
b) You have a plug-in you have been using for a while that recently added Stripe support and happened to declare a Stripe namespace.
PHP allows a namespace to be declared more than once so that is not the problem. What I am suspecting is that the use of a relative path is confusing the class lookup.
Can you check if any of your other plugins include a Stripe feature.
NOTE: This is not specifically an S2Member bug but I will raise it with @clavaque as something that should be changed. The namespace used should be changed from Stripe to something like S2member-Stripe to avoid plug-in collisions like it appears you are having.